Note 4.5 Accounting policy
Goodwill
At the acquisition date goodwill is recognised in the
balance sheet at cost as described under Business
combinations. Subsequently, goodwill is measured at
cost less accumulated impairment losses. Goodwill
is not amortised but is tested for impairment at least
once a year. Goodwill is written down to the recov-
erable amount if the carrying amount is higher than
the computed recoverable amount. The recoverable
amount is computed as the present value of the ex-
pected future net cash flows from the enterprises or
activities to which the goodwill is allocated. Impair-
ment of goodwill is not reversed.
The carrying amount of goodwill is allocated to the
Group’s cash-generating units at the acquisition date.
Identification of cash-generating units is based on the
management structure and independent cash inflows.
Intangible assets
Trademarks
Trademarks are initially recognised at cost. Subse-
quently, trademarks are measured at cost less accu-
mulated amortisation and impairment. Trademarks are
amortised on a straight-line basis over their estimated
useful lives up to no more than 10 years.
Trademarks are tested for impairment on an annual
basis using the relief-from-royalty method and based
on future free cash flows expected to be generated
by the individual trademark during the following five
years and and projections for subsequent years.
Software development projects
In-progress and completed software development
projects that are clearly defined and identifiable
where the technical equality, sufficient resources, and
a potential future market or potential for use in the
group can be demonstrated and where it is intended
to manufacture, market or use project.
These assets are recognised as intangible assets if
the cost price can be reliably determined and there is
sufficient reasonable assurance that future earnings
or the net selling price may cover production, sales,
administration and development costs.
Other development costs are recognised in the
income statement under other external costs, as costs
likely to be held.
Development costs are measured at cost less accumu-
lated depreciation and impairment losses. Cost includes
salaries, depreciation and other costs attibutable to the
Group’s development activities and borrowing costs
from specific and general borrowing that relate direct-
ly to the development of development projects.
Upon completion of the development work, develop-
ment projects are amortised on a straight-line basis
over the assessment period economic life from the
time the asset is ready for use.
The amortisation period usually constitutes 3-5 years.
The amortisation basis is reduced by any write-downs.
Property, plant and equipment
Land and buildings, plant and machinery and fixtures
and fittings, other plant and equipment are measured
at cost less accumulated depreciation and impairment
losses. Cost comprises the purchase price and costs
of materials, components, suppliers, direct wages and
salaries and indirect production costs until the date
when the asset is available for use.
Depreciation is provided on a straight-line basis over
the expected useful lives, which are 10-30 years for
buildings, 3-5 years for operating assets and equip-
ment, and 3-5 years for leasehold improvements.
Business combinations
Acquisitions of businesses are accounted for using
the acquisition method. The cost of an acquisition is
measured as the consideration transferred for assets
acquired and liabilities assumed in the business com-
bination measured at fair value on acquisition date.
Deferred tax related to the revaluations is recognised.
The most significant assets acquired generally com-
prise goodwill, property, plant and equipment and
inventory.
The consideration paid for a business consists of the
fair value of the agreed consideration in the form of
the assets transferred, equity instruments issued,
and liabilities assumed at the date of acquisition. Any
adjustments after 12 months has been and will be
recognised in income statement as a fair value adjust-
ment of the consideration payable.
Lease agreements
The Group has lease contracts for leaseholds,
vehicles and other equipment used in its opera-
tions. Lease of leaseholds generally has lease terms
between 3 and 5 years, while vehicles generally have
lease terms between 5 and 6 years. Generally, the
Group is restricted from assigning and subleasing
the leased assets. There are several lease contracts
that include extension and termination options and
variable lease payments. These options are negotiat-
ed by management to provide flexibility in managing
the leased-asset portfolio and align with the Group’s
business needs. Management exercises judgement in
determining whether these extension and termination
options are reasonably certain to be exercised.
The lease obligation is measured at amortised cost
using the effective interest rate method. The lease
obligation is remeasured when changes in the under-
lying contractual cash flows occur from e.g. changes
in an index or a borrowing rate, changes in determin-
ing whether extension and termination options are
reasonably certain to be exercised.
The Group recognises right-of-use assets at the
commencement date of the lease (i.e. the date the
underlying asset is available for use). Right-of-use
assets are measured at cost, less any accumulated
depreciation and impairment losses, and adjusted for
any remeasurement of lease agreements. Subse-
quently the right-of-use asset is measured at cost less
accumulated depreciation and impairment losses.
The right-of-use asset is adjusted for changes in the
lease obligation as a consequence of changes in
lease terms or changes in the cash flows of the lease
agreement upon changes in an index or a borrowing
rate.
Right-of-use assets are depreciated on a straightline
basis over the shorter of the lease term and the esti-
mated useful lives of the assets, as follows:
Leaseholds: 3-5 years
Cars: 5-6 years
The Group presents lease assets and lease obliga-
tions separately in the balance sheet.
The Group also has certain leases of other equipment
with lease terms of 12 months or less and leases of
office equipment with low value. The Group applies
the short-term lease and lease of low-value assets’
recognition exemptions for these leases.
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